According to State v Cruz, officers' experience, knowledge, and training can provide which of the following?

• A. Direct evidence
• B. Forensic results
• C. Witness statements
• D. Officers' experience, knowledge, and training can provide other indicators

Answer: (D)

State v Cruz recognizes that an officer’s experience, knowledge, and training allow them to identify and articulate “other indicators”—inferred observations based on professional expertise—that help signal criminal activity. These indicators are not direct proof like a witness or a lab result; instead, they are circumstantial inferences drawn from the officer’s trained interpretation of behavior and context. When these indicators are linked with observable facts, they can support reasonable suspicion or probable cause. So, the most fitting understanding is that officers’ experience provides these other indicators that aid in assessing a situation, rather than direct evidence, forensic results, or third-party statements.